Emechi Santa Teresa # 1 na animation. N'etiti ọgba aghara ahụ na nke ndị na-ere ahịa n'okporo ámá, mkpu si n'oké mkpu na-apụta: "Agbapụ nke Captain Cootaaaa ..., nwa nwoke jọgburu onwe ya nke gburu anụrị ya dị egwu ..."
Emechi Santa Teresa # 1, ebe mbipụta nke Antonio Vanegas Arroyo, na-agba animation. N'etiti ọgba aghara a na nke ndị na-ere n'okporo ámá, mkpu nke onye na-eti mkpu na-apụta, bụ onye ji ọsọ pụta site n'ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ ahụ yana akwụkwọ akụkọ n'aka ya, jiri olu stentorian kwupụta: "ogbugbu nke Captain Cootaaaa…. nwa nwoke jọgburu onwe ya gburu ihe ya jọgburu onwe ya ... "
N'ime ọrụ a, o gosipụtara ọdịiche nke nwatakịrị nke hapụrụ akwụkwọ ya n'ala ma lelee anya site n'okporo ámá site na alụlụ nke aka ya na iko windo mbipụta akwụkwọ, ịgba ọsọ nke burin na efere ọkụ ọla, nka mara nma ejiri aka José Guadalupe Posada mee. Nwatakịrị ahụ, José Clemente Orozco, anaghị egbu mgbu, site na anya ya nke na-agbasochi ihe mgbochi nke burin, ọ na-etinyekwa ọdịnihu ya n'uche.
N'èzí bụ ihe osise dị ebube nke Posada nke ọnụnọ ụmụaka dị ka José Clemente, na ihe ihe nlereanya ya ga-arụzu; ọ hụrụ naanị otu obere aka, ọsọsọ stealth, na-atụtụ shav na-achụpụ site burin site n'ala.
Posada bụ onye okike kachasị emetụta ndị omenkà Mexico na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ a. Ndị na-ese ihe nkiri José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Francisco Gotilla na Guillermo Meza natara ihe nketa ha, yana ndị na-ese ihe Francisco Fíaz de León, Leopoldo Méndez, Alfredo Zalce, Francisco Moreno Capdevila, Arturo García Bustos, Adolfo Mexiact na Alber . The Taller de grafica Popular, nke tọrọ ntọala na 1937, bụ onye nketa akụkọ ihe mere eme Posada.
Site na a na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọrụ aka ama ama, José Guadalupe Posada ruru otu n'ime ọnọdụ ndị kachasị mkpa dị ka onye na-ese ihe, n'ihi na ọ malitere ma kpalie oge kachasị mma nke nka mba na narị afọ a: Schoollọ Akwụkwọ Na-ahụ Maka Ihe osise nke Mexico.
Ileghara ọrụ nka nke Europe anya, ọbụnadị nke mba, wepụtara ya kpamkpam na nkwa; na ihe osise mbụ ya gosipụtara nnwere onwe zuru oke mgbe niile.
Anaghị m erute omume ọma na-enweghị isi: nkwupụta okwu bụ naanị mkpa ya n'ihi na ọ dịrị ndụ n'ihe Mexico.
José Guadalupe Posada Aguilar a mụrụ n’elekere iri nke abalị n’abalị abụọ n’ọnwa Febụwarị, 1852 n’okporo ámá a na-akpọghị aha na mpaghara San Marcos n’obodo Aguascalientes; Ọ bụ nwa nwoke German Posada, onye na-eme achịcha site na azụmahịa, lụrụ Petra Aguilar. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 12, ọ banyere na Aguascalientes Academy of Arts and Crafts ịmụ nka na 18 ọ bụbu onye na-amụ ihe na nkuzi nke Trinidad Pedrosa, ebe ọ mụtara ịrụ ọrụ na lithography, na mgbakwunye na ịde ọla na osisi.
Onye isi Jesús Gómez na-akpagbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ihi mkparị nke mbipụta ya na katuunu ya, na 1872 Pedroso na Posada gara obodo León ebe ha hiwere igwe obibi akwụkwọ ọhụrụ.
Na 1875 Posada lụrụ María de Jesús Vela na 1876 ọ zụtara igwe obibi akwụkwọ Pedrosa na ego na-erughị otu narị pesos; N’ebe ahụ, o sere akwụkwọ na mbipụta okpukpe na akwụkwọ mmado, dị ka ịhụnanya nke oge ahụ si dị.
Ọ malitere dịka onye nkuzi lithography na 1883 na Preparatory School; Ọ nọrọ ebe ahụ rue July 18, 1888, mgbe oke idei mmiri mere, ọ kwagara Mexico City. N'ịbụ onye nnukwu onye ama ama dịka onye na-ese ihe, Irenio Paz goro ya iji gosipụta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na mbipụta.
Ọtụtụ ọrụ kpaliri ya iguzobe ụlọ ọrụ nke aka ya na nọmba 1 nke Santa Teresa mechiri emechi, nke onye ọka iwu Verdad nwere ugbu a, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ihu ọha, wee bụrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ 5 nke Santa Inés, taa bụ Moneda.
Na 1899, na ọnwụ Manuel Manilla Posada, ọ na-anọchi anya ya na ogbako nke Don Antonio Vanegas Arroyo, onye nchịkọta akụkọ kachasị ewu ewu nke gazettes n'okporo ámá, corridos, comics, ilu na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ.
Mụ na Blas, nwa Don Antonio; ihe osise Manilla, bụ onye kụziiri Posada ka ọ dịkwuo njọ na zinc; onye na-ede uri a bu Constancio S. Suárez na ndi dere akwukwo Ramón N. Franco, Francisco Ozácar, Raimundo Díaz Guerrero na Raimundo Balandrano, hibere otu ndi di uku mgbe otu afo juputara na akuko ha, akuko ndi mmadu, egwu, akuko, comedies, almanacs kalenda.
Na mgbakwunye na akwụkwọ akụkọ La Gaceta Callejera na Don Chepito, ha na-ebipụta mpempe akwụkwọ nke agba aja aja na agba niile nke egwurugwu, nke na-efu otu ma ọ bụ abụọ cents, na egwuregwu ndị dị ka La Oca, nke bụ ihe na-atọ ụmụaka ụtọ na ndị okenye ruo ọtụtụ ọgbọ, bụ nke ihe karịrị nde ise mepụtara ruo ugbu a.
Nnukwu ọrụ ahụ mere ka Posada chọọ usoro ndị ọzọ na-agba ọsọ. Nke a bụ otú o si chọpụta zincography, nke mejupụtara ịbịaru ya na inkchachaa na zinc foil, wee mechaa mee ka ndị ọcha jiri mmiri acid saa mmiri.
“Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ puku iri abụọ nke Posada mere, ya na ederede na amaokwu ndị na-eso ya, na-akọwa otu n'ime oge kachasị mma nke obodo a na-eche ogologo oge, yana 'udo nke Porfirian' ma ọ bụ 'udo udo': ọgba aghara n'okporo ámá, nke ọkụ, ịma jijiji nke ụwa, ihe ọchị, egwu ụwa na njedebe, ọmụmụ nke nnukwu anụ, igbu onwe, igbu ọchụ, ọrụ ebube, ihe otiti, nnukwu ịhụnanya na nnukwu ọdachi; E jidere ihe niile site n'aka nwoke a bụ, n'otu oge ahụ, antenna dị nro maka ịma jijiji niile yana agịga ndekọ maka ihe niile "(Rodríguez, 1977).
Nnukwu ịhụnanya ya maka obodo ya kpaliri ya ịmalite otu n'ime isiokwu ndị Mexico kacha echefu kemgbe oge Hispanic: ọnwụ, mana ọ bụghị ọnwụ dị egwu na egwu dị egwu ka ndị klas dị elu ma ọ bụ ndị Catrinas, na ndị Europe hụrụ ya. nke oge ya. Ọ nọchitere anya ọnwụ na ọnwụ jọgburu onwe ya, kama o nyere ndụ ha okpokoro isi ha na otu puku ihe oyiyi ma ọ bụ ihe, omume na-emebi omume; Okpokoro isi ọchị nke ndị mmadụ ji mara nke ọma, n'ihi na ha bụ ụzọ enyemaka ma ọ bụ ịbọ ọbọ maka ihe niile mere ka obi ghara iru ha ala.
Enweghị otu isiokwu Don Lupe, dị ka Posada ji ịhụnanya kpọọ, hapụrụ n'enweghị okpokoro isi, onye kpuchiri ihe niile na onye ọ bụla, na-ahapụghị obere nwa nkịta, site na ndị dị umeala n'obi nke Mexico ruo onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kachasị elu n'oge ya, nke eziokwu ndị kachasị mfe maka ndị na-enwekwu mgbasi ike.
N'etiti ọtụtụ ihe odide Posada mepụtara, enwere, na mgbakwunye na okpokoro isi ya, Ekwensu na Don Chepito Marihuano; ma ọ kachasị ndị dị mfe na ọ theirụ na ahụhụ ha.
“Dị ka Goya tinyere na ihe osise ya nke Caprichos, Ihe nkiri sitere na ụwa nke ndị amoosu iji gosipụta nkatọ ya na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, Posada na-aga n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke ndụ: ọnwụ, iji mee ka nkatọ ọhaneze na-adịkarị ọchị, nke na-enye ya ohere jiri ịkwa emo na imebiga ihe ókè. Mpaghara na onodu ogugu site na 'gafere' abughi ihe ozo ma obu 'ozo ebe a', mana enwoghari n'ime uwa okpokoro isi na okpukpu ndi nwere ndu zuru ezu full ”(ibit.).
Omenala okpokoro isi nke Mexico, nke Gabriel Vicente Gahona malitere, nke a na-akpọ "Picheta", ka Posada gara n'ihu n'ụzọ magburu onwe ya ma merie ya, onye mejupụtara, n'ụzọ Mexico, echiche Europe oge ochie nke "egwu macabre", dabere na nka ịnwụ nke ọma. na-emekọ ihe n'ụzọ dị otú a na mbido mmetụta na okike nke ndị mmadụ dugara, site na mkpa, iji mee ka ememme ndị a raara nye onye ha nwụrụ anwụ.
Onye na-ese ihe Manuel Manilla ji ihe ọhụụ, na njedebe nke narị afọ gara aga, okpokoro isi na-atọ ụtọ nke mejupụtara ọdịnala nke ofbọchị Ndị Nwụrụ Anwụ na nke ugbu a, nke shuga, chocolate ma ọ bụ ọ joyụ, jiri anya ha na-enwu gbaa ma na-enwu gbaa aha onye ahụ nwụrụ anwụ n’egedege ihu, na-anọchi anya otu n’ime akara ya.
Mgbe onye ọrụ ihe nkiri Jalisco bụ Gerardo Murillo, nke akpọrọ "Doctor Atl", dere ọrụ ya Las artes popular en México na mpịakọta abụọ na 1921, ọ leghaara ihe ngosi nka nke emume Day of the Dead, yana ọrụ Posada anya.
Onye France na-ese ihe osise bụ Jean Charlot, onye sonyere na Painlọ Akwụkwọ Na-ahụ Maka Ihe osise nke Mexico, bụ onye a na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ịchọpụta ihe osise Posada na 1925. Site mgbe ahụ gawa, echiche populist banyere ọnwụ nke na-egosipụta onwe ya site na aka, nke sitere na ọrụ ya, na-ejide. site na nkwado nke ndị na-ese ihe Diego Rivera na Pablo O'Higgins. Na 1930s, echiche nke nlelị emume maka ọnwụ bilitere, ikekwe dabere na okpokoro isi na-atọ ọchị, na-atọ ọchị ma ọ bụghị nke Posada.
N'etiti ihe osise kachasị mkpa ya bụ: Don Quixote de la Mancha, na-agba mbọ idozi otu anya, na-agba ọsọ na-agba ọsọ ọsọ na ịnyịnya rocinante ya, na-amịpụta ihe mgbu na ọnwụ na mbilite. Okpokoro agba ịnyịnya ígwè, satire zuru oke maka ọganihu n'ibu ọdịnala na-atọ. Ya na Adelita Skull, Maderista Skull na Huertista Skull, ọ na-anọchite anya ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị iche iche nke oge ahụ, dịka nkatọ dị egwu nke mgbanwe ọbara nke 1910.
Okpokoro isi na-atọ ọchị nke Do funnya Tomasa na Simón el Aguador, na-anọchite asịrị agbata obi. Obere usoro Skulls of Cupid na-egosi ụfọdụ ederede doro anya nke Constancio S. Suárez.
La Calavera Catrina, yana Calavera del Catrín na Espolón contra navaja so na ọrụ ndị nwere mgbasa kachasị n'ụwa niile, ebe ha bụ ndị nnọchi anya Posada.
N'etiti ihe osise ndị ọzọ, e nwere Gran fandango na francachela de todos las calaveras na Rebumbio de calaveras, nke ha na-esote uri na-esote, na-agbaso n'ememe nke ofbọchị Ndị Nwụrụ Anwụ:
Nnukwu ohere iji kporie ndụ abịala, okpokoro isi ga-abụ nnọkọ ha na pantheon.
Ememme olili ozu ga-anọ ọtụtụ awa; ndị nwụrụ anwụ ga-eji uwe pụrụ iche bịa.
Ejiri oke atụmanya mee okpokoro isi na ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ ejiji zuru ezu nke a ga-eyi na nzukọ ahụ.
Na elekere itoolu nke ụtụtụ oyi January 20, 1913, n'ụlọ no. 6, na ala ala Avenida de la Paz (nke dị ugbu a Nke 47 na Calle del Carmen), mgbe ọ dị afọ 66 José Guadalupe Posada nwụrụ. N'ihi ịda ogbenye ya, e liri ya n'ili nke isii na Civil Pantheon nke Dolores.
"... na kama ịghọ Okpokoro isi nke ikpo dị ka ọ hụworo, o biliri site na ili (nkịtị) gaa anwụghị anwụ, iji jee ije ọzọ site na mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa: mgbe ụfọdụ na-eji akwa oyi na akwa, na ndị ọzọ nwere burin n'aka na-echere ihe omume ọhụrụ ”(ibid.).
Isi Iyi: Amaghi Mexico Nke 261 / November 1998
