You maara etu na mgbe e guzobere igwe obibi akwụkwọ izizi na Mexico? You maara onye Juan Pablos bụ? Chọpụta ihe banyere agwa a dị mkpa yana ọrụ ya dị ka onye nbipute.
Mwepụta nke ígwè obibi akwụkwọ na Mexico pụtara ọrụ dị mkpa ma dị oke mkpa maka mgbasa nke echiche Ndị Kraịst Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ .wa. Ọ chọrọ njikọ nke ihe dị iche iche e mere maka otu ezigbo: ịtụle mkpa ọghọm nke itinye ego na-adịte aka ma merie mkpebi siri ike na mkpebi siri ike ọtụtụ nsogbu. Dị ka ndị bụ isi, ndị nkwado na ndị nkwalite nke obibi akwụkwọ na mba anyị, anyị nwere Fray Juan de Zumárraga, bishọp mbụ nke Mexico na Don Antonio de Mendoza, onye isi oche mbụ nke New Spain.
Ndị isi egwuregwu na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gụnyere Juan Cromberger, onye mbipụta akwụkwọ German nke guzobere na Seville, onye nwe ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ ama ama nwere isi obodo iji guzobe enyemaka na New Spain, yana Juan Pablos, onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ Cromberger, onye dị ka odeakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ ozi Site na ebu, o nwere obi ike ichọta igwe eji ebi akwụkwọ, obi dịkwa ya ụtọ ma ọ bụ nwee mmasị na echiche ịkwaga kọntinenti ọhụrụ iji guzobe ụlọ ọrụ nke onye were ya n'ọrụ. Na nloghachi, ọ natara nkwekọrịta afọ iri, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke ego a na-enweta site na ọrụ ya na ọrụ nwunye ya, mgbe ọ wepụsịrị mmefu nke ịkwaga na ịtọlite igwe obibi akwụkwọ na Mexico City.
Juan Pablos natara 120,000 maravedis n'aka Juan Cromberger maka ịzụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ, ink, akwụkwọ na ngwa ndị ọzọ, yana mmefu nke njem ọ ga-esoro nwunye ya na ndị enyi ya abụọ ndị ọzọ. Mkpokọta ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ruru 195,000 maravedís, ma ọ bụ 520 ducats. Juan Pablos, onye si Italiantali aha ya bụ Giovanni Paoli, anyị amatalarị n’asụsụ Spanish, ya na nwunye ya Gerónima Gutiérrez rutere Mexico City, n’agbata Septemba na Ọktọba 1539. Gil Barbero, onye nrụgide site na azụmahịa, yana a nwa ohu.
Site na nkwado nke ndị na-akwado ya, Juan Pablos guzobere ogbako "Casa de Juan Cromberger" na Casa de las Campanas, nke Bishop Zumárraga nwere, nke dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke n'okporo ámá Moneda ma mechie na Santa Teresa la Antigua, taa nwere ikike N'eziokwu, n'ihu akụkụ mbụ nke achịbishọp ahụ. Nzukọ a mepere ụzọ ya na Eprel 1540, Gerónima Gutiérrez bụ onye na-achị ụlọ na-ewetaghị ụgwọ ọnwa, naanị mmezi ya.
Lọ ọrụ Cromberger
Ọ bụ Viceroy Mendoza onye nyere Juan Cromberger ohere pụrụ iche nke inwe ebe obibi akwụkwọ na Mexico ma weta akwụkwọ sitere na ngalaba na sayensị niile; ịkwụ ụgwọ nke ngosi ga-abụ na ọnụego nke otu ọlaọcha nke ọlaọcha maka mpempe akwụkwọ ọ bụla, ya bụ, 8.5 maravedís maka mpempe akwụkwọ ọ bụla e biri ebi na otu narị pacenti ndị uru na akwụkwọ m weta si Spain. Ihe ùgwù ndị a doro anya na ọnọdụ Cromberger nyere iwu bụ onye, na mgbakwunye na ịbụ ezigbo onye na-azụ ahịa akwụkwọ, nwere mmasị na ọrụ nsị na Sultepec, na nkwado nke ndị German ndị ọzọ, kemgbe 1535. Juan Cromberger nwụrụ na Septemba 8, 1540, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu afọ mgbe amalitere azụmahịa.
Ndị nketa ya natara n'aka eze nkwenye nke Mendoza na afọ iri, wee banye asambodo ahụ na Talavera na February 2, 1542. fewbọchị ole na ole ka nke ahụ gasịrị, na 17 nke otu ọnwa na afọ ahụ, kansụl nke Mexico City nyere Juan Pablos aha onye agbata obi ya, na Mee 8, 1543, ọ nwetara ala maka iwu ụlọ ya na agbata obi San Pablo, n'okporo ámá ahụ gara San Pablo, n'azụ ụlọ ọgwụ Atọ n'Ime Otu. Ihe omuma a gosiputara ochicho Juan Pablos ichoro ma guzosie ike na Mexico n’agbanyeghi na ahia nbiputa enweghi mmepe a choro, ebe obu na enwere nkwekorita na ikike ndi ozo nke mere ka onodu di ike ma gbochie ogba aghara. chọrọ maka uto nke ụlọ ọrụ. Juan Pablos n’onwe ya mere mkpesa n’otu ncheta a degaara osote onye isi na ọ dara ogbenye na enweghị ọfịs, na ọ na-akwado onwe ya site na onyinye ebere ọ nwetara.
O doro anya na ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ emezughị atụmanya nke ndị Crombergers n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ dị mma ha nwetara. Mendoza, n'ebumnobi nke ịkwado ịdịgide adịgide nke ebe obibi akwụkwọ, nyere ego ka ukwuu iji kpalie mmasị nke ndị nketa ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ a na nchekwa nke ụlọ ọrụ nna ya na Mexico. Na June 7, 1542, ha natara ndị agha ịnyịnya ala maka ihe ubi na ebe a na-azụ ehi na Sultepec. Otu afọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị (June 8, 1543), e mekwara ka ha nwee ebe ọzọ a ga-egwe ọka ma jiri ya gbazee n’ime osimiri Tascaltitlán, nke si na Sultepec.
Agbanyeghị, n'agbanyeghị ikike na onyinye ndị a, ezinụlọ Cromberger arụghị ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ dịka ndị ọchịchị tụrụ anya ya; ma Zumárraga na Mendoza, ma mesịa Audiencia nke Mexico, kpesara eze mkpesa na ha enwetaghị ntinye akwụkwọ nke ihe ndị dị mkpa maka obibi akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ na ink, yana mbubata akwụkwọ. Na 1545, ha rịọrọ eze ka ọ rịọ ka ezinụlọ Cromberger mezuo ọrụ a site na ikike nke enyere ha na mbụ. Presslọ obibi akwụkwọ mbụ aha ya bụ "oflọ Juan Cromberger" dịgidere ruo 1548, n'agbanyeghị na site na 1546 ọ kwụsịrị ịpụta dị ka. Juan Pablos biri akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ nta, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ nke okpukpe, nke a maara aha asatọ n'ime 1539-44 oge, na isii ọzọ n'etiti 1546 na 1548.
Ikekwe mkpesa na nrụgide megide Crombergers kwadoro inyefe ndị nta akụkọ Juan Pablos. Onye nwere nke a site na 1548, n'agbanyeghị na nnukwu ụgwọ n'ihi ụgwọ siri ike nke ire ya mere, ọ nwetara n'aka Viceroy Mendoza nnabata ikike ndị enyere ndị nweburu na mgbe nke Don Luis de Velasco, onye nọchiri ya.
N’ụzọ dị otu a, ọ masịrị ya naanị ikike nyere ya rue August 1559. Aha Juan Pablos dị ka onye na-ebi akwụkwọ pụtara nke mbụ ya na Ozizi Ndị Kraịst n’asụsụ Spanish na Mexico, nke edechara na Jenụwarị 17, 1548. N’oge ụfọdụ, ọ gbakwụnyere nke mmalite ya ma ọ bụ nkwenye ya: "lumbardo" ma ọ bụ "bricense" dịka ọ bụ onye obodo Brescia, Lombardy.
Ọnọdụ ebe ahụ malitere ịgbanwe n'ihe dịka afọ 1550 mgbe onye na-ebi akwụkwọ anyị nwetara ego mbinye ego ọla edo 500. Ọ gwara Baltasar Gabiano, onye na-binye ya ego na Seville, na Juan López, bụ́ onye agbata obi na-eme ihe ike si Mexico bụ́ onye na-aga Spen, ka ọ chọta ya ihe ruru mmadụ atọ, ndị na-ahụ maka ibi akwụkwọ, ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ ya na Mexico.
Na Septemba nke otu afọ ahụ, na Seville, a na Tomé Rico, onye na-agba ụta (onye na-agba égbè), Juan Muñoz dere (onye na-ede akwụkwọ) na Antonio de Espinoza, onye na-ede akwụkwọ ozi ga-akpọrọ Diego de Montoya dị ka onye inyeaka, ma ọ bụrụ na ha niile akwaga Mexico ma rụọ ọrụ na igwe obibi akwụkwọ Juan Pablos ruo afọ atọ, nke a ga-agụta site na ọdịda ya na Veracruz. A ga-enye ha ụzọ na nri maka njem ahụ n'oké osimiri na ịnyịnya maka njem ha na Mexico City.
Ekwenyere na ha rutere na ngwụsị 1551; Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ na 1553 ka ụlọ ahịa ahụ malitere ọrụ ahụ mgbe niile. Ọnụnọ nke Antonio de Espinosa gosipụtara site na iji ụdị mkpụrụedemede Roman na nke mkpụrụedemede na osisi ọhụrụ, jiri ụdị ndị a wee merie ederede na ụdị akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ederede tupu ụbọchị ahụ.
Site na ọkwa mbu nke igwe obibi akwụkwọ nwere aha "n'ụlọ Cromberger" anyị nwere ike ịkọpụta ọrụ ndị a: Nkụzi Ndị Kraịst dị mkpirikpi na nkwanye ugwu karị na asụsụ Mexico na asụsụ Spanish nke nwere ihe ndị kachasị mkpa nke okwukwe Katọlik anyị dị nsọ maka ojiji nke ndị India a. na nzọputa nke nkpuru-obi-ha.
Ekwenyere na nke a bụ ọrụ izizi e bipụtara na Mexico, Akwụkwọ Adult Manual nke akwụkwọ atọ ikpeazụ ya mara, dezie ya na 1540 ma nye ya iwu site n'aka ndị isi ụka nke 1539, na Mmekọrịta nke ala ọma jijiji ahụ mere na ọzọ Obodo Guatemala bipụtara na 1541.
Ndị a soro na 1544 site na Brief Doctrine of 1543 nke ezubere maka onye ọ bụla n’ozuzu ha; Tripartite nke Juan Gerson nke bụ ngosipụta nke nkuzi na iwu na nkwupụta, ma nwee mgbakwunye dị ka nka nke ịnwụ nke ọma; nkenke Compendium nke na-ekwu maka otu a ga - esi rụzuo ya, ga - ewusi mmachibido iwu ịgba egwu na ị rejoụrị ọ inụ na ememme okpukpe, na Ozizi Fray Pedro de Córdoba, bụ naanị ndị India.
Akwụkwọ ikpeazụ emere n'okpuru aha Cromberger, dị ka ụlọ mbipụta akwụkwọ, bụ mkpụmkpụ Christian Doctrine nke fray Alonso de Molina, nke emere na 1546. Ọrụ abụọ e bipụtara na-enweghị aha onye nbipute, bụ Ozizi Ndị Kraịst kacha bụrụ eziokwu ma bụrụ eziokwu maka ndị na-enweghị enweghị okwukwe na akwụkwọ ozi (Disemba 1546) na Iwu Ndị Kraịst dị mkpirikpi ịtụ ndụ na oge Onye Kraịst (na 1547). Oge a nke mgbanwe n'etiti otu ogbako na nke ọzọ: Cromberger-Juan Pablos, nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mkparịta ụka mbufe mbufe ma ọ bụ enweghị mmezu nke nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta n'etiti ndị ọzọ.
Juan Pablos, onye Gutenberg nke America
Na 1548 Juan Pablos bipụtara Iwu na mkpokọta nke iwu, na-eji uwe agha nke Emperor Charles nke Ise na mkpuchi na mbipụta dị iche iche nke nkuzi Ndị Kraịst, uwe nke ogwe aka nke ndị Dominicans. Na mbipụta niile e mere ruo 1553, Juan Pablos kwadosiri iji akwụkwọ Gothic na nnukwu ihe osise e dere n’elu ya, bụ́ nke e ji mara akwụkwọ ndị Spen malite n’otu oge ahụ.
Agba nke abụọ nke Juan Pablos, ya na Espinosa n'akụkụ ya (1553-1560) dị nkenke ma nwee akụ na ụba, wee weta esemokwu banyere enweghị naanị otu ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ na Mexico. Ugbua n'ọnwa Ọktoba 1558, eze nyere Espinosa, ya na ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ atọ ọzọ, ikike ka ha nwee azụmahịa nke aka ha.
Site na oge a, ọtụtụ ọrụ Fray Alonso de la Veracruz nwedịrị ike izopụta: Dialectica resolutio cum textu Aristótelis na Recognitio Summularum, ha abụọ site na 1554; na Physica speculatio, accessit compendium sphaerae compani nke 1557, na Speculum coniugiorum nke 1559. Site na Fray Alonso de Molina Vocabulary na Spanish na Mexico pụtara na 1555, na site na Fray Maturino Gilberti Dialogue of Christian Doctrine na asụsụ Michoacán, bipụtara. na 1559.
Mweghachi nke ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ Gutenberg. E si na broshuọ nke Gutenberg Museum dị na Mainz, Col. Juan Pablos Museum of Graphic Arts. Armando Birlain Schafler Foundation for Culture and Arts, AC Ọrụ ndị a dị na nchịkọta nke National Library of Mexico na-eche nche. Mbipụta ikpeazụ nke Juan Pablos bụ Manual Sacramentorum, nke pụtara na July 1560. Thelọ obibi akwụkwọ mechiri ụzọ ya n’afọ ahụ, dịka a kwenyere na Lombard nwụrụ n’agbata ọnwa Julaị na Ọgọst. Na 1563, nwanyị di ya nwụrụ gbazitere ígwè obibi akwụkwọ nye Pedro Ocharte lụrụ María de Figueroa, ada Juan Pablos.
Aha iri atọ na ise nke 308 na 320 e chere na e bipụtara na narị afọ nke 16 bụ maka ọkwa izizi nke ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ, yana Cromberger na Juan Pablos dị ka ndị ndezi, nke na-egosi ọganihu nke igwe obibi akwụkwọ nwere na ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ.
Ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ na ndị na-ere akwụkwọ n'oge a bụ Antonio de Espinosa (1559-1576), Pedro Balli (1575-1600) na Antonio Ricardo (1577-1579), mana Juan Pablos nwere ebube nke ịbụ onye obibi akwụkwọ mbụ na nke anyị. obodo.
Agbanyeghi na igwe obibi akwụkwọ na mbido ya bipụtara ọkachasị mbido na nkuzi n'asụsụ ndị amaala iji gaa na ịme ka ụmụ amaala bụrụ Ndị Kraịst, ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị narị afọ a, o kpuchiela isiokwu dị iche iche.
Okwu e biri ebi nyere aka na mgbasa nke ozizi ndi Kraist n’etiti ndi obodo ma kwado ndi nile, dika ndi ozioma, ndi nkuzi na ndi nkwusa, nwere ozi kuziiri ya; ma, n'otu oge ahụ, ọ bụkwa ụzọ mgbasa nke asụsụ ụmụ amaala na ndozi ha na "Arts", yana okwu okwu nke olumba ndị a, nke ndị friar belata na mkpụrụedemede Castilian.
Presslọ obibi akwụkwọ ahụ kwalitere, site na ọrụ nke okpukpe, na-ewusi okwukwe na omume nke ndị Spen bịara World Ọhụrụ ike. Ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ na-abanye n'okwu gbasara ọgwụ, ụka na ikike obodo, sayensị okike, igodo, akụkọ ihe mere eme na sayensị, na-akwalite ọdịbendị dị elu nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ndị ọnụ ọgụgụ ha pụtara maka onyinye ha na ihe ọmụma ụwa. Ihe nketa akwukwo nso a bu ihe nketa di nkpa nye omenala anyi.
Stella María González Cicero bụ dọkịta na History. Ọ bụ ugbu a onye isi nke National Library of Anthropology and History.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Encyclopedia of Mexico, Mexico, mbipụta pụrụ iche maka Encyclopedia Britannica de México, 1993, t.7.
García Icazbalceta, Joaquín, Mexico Bibliography nke narị afọ nke 16, mbipụta nke Agustín Millares Carlo, Mexico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1954.
Griffin Clive, Los Cromberger, akụkọ banyere igwe obibi akwụkwọ nke narị afọ nke 16 na Seville na Mexico, Madrid, mbipụta nke Hispanic Culture, 1991.
Stols Alexandre, A.M. Antonio de Espinosa, onye Mexico abụọ na-ebi akwụkwọ, National Autonomous University nke Mexico, 1989.
Yhmoff Cabrera, Jesús, Mbipụta ndị Mexico nke narị afọ nke 16 na National Library of Mexico, Mexico, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 1990.
Zulaica Gárate, Roman, Los Franciscanos na igwe obibi akwụkwọ na Mexico, Mexico, UNAM, 1991.
